مجله تحقیقات اقتصاد کشاورزی
سال سیزدهم شماره 1 (بهار 1400)

Relatively good income, short period of cultivation and limited water requirement of saffron, farmers of Qazvin Plain made intend to cultivation of this product in their fertile lands in recent years. For this purpose, in present study the effects of increase acreage of saffron on cropping pattern, farmers' gross profit and the consumption of inputs were investigated. To achieve this goal, from Positive Mathematical Programming (PMP) model and product function with Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES) were used. The required data are related to years 2012-2013 that by completing the questionnaires from 127 sample farmers were collected. The results showed that with the arrival of saffron to the current pattern of representative farms, cropping pattern changes in site reducing the acreage of products with more cost and higher water requirement such as corn, sugar beet and canola in small farms (from -1/78 to-13/9 percent), medium farms (from -4/92 to-14/1 percent) and large farms (from -7/05 to-16/4 percent). In this regard the farmers with large farms experiences the most changes in the current cropping pattern.

Changes in land use is an approach that is considered all around the world recently. This approach has been considered in some parts of the country especially western areas of Mazandaran Province, and due to its nature, it may cause some threats or benefits. Thus, the objective of this research was economic evaluation of converting rice paddies into citrus orchards. Quantitative data gathering techniques using questionnaire and interview was used to gather data. Research population included orchardists and rice growers of Northern Roudpey of Sari County that about 80 ones of them were selected as research sample using Brtlet Sampling Table. Net present value and benefit- cost ratio techniques were used for economic evaluation of the supposed agricultural activities. The results showed that both of them have economic justification, but the citrus orchards are more profitable. Therefore, based on the results of this study, it is recommended to convert rice paddies to citrus orchards of course in a gradual process and with precision administration and control of related organizations such as Jihad-e-Agriculture.

Agriculture sector is one of the most important sectors in the country’s economy having a big contribution in employment of the whole country and despite the lack of some basic requirements regarding the existing global conditions inevitably we have to get help of it to cope with the challenges of employment in the country. Therefore, investigating and recognizing the effective factors on agricultural sector employment seems necessary. With respect to the significance of the issue, Regarding the importance of the issue, the present study examines the effects of credits and facilities on employment in the sub-sectors of agriculture (agriculture, livestock and fisheries) using combined data for the period of 1991-2016. Results revealed that the granted credits to the agricultural sector have a significant positive effect on the labor demand of agricultural sub-sectors. Therefore, accurate monitoring on how to use the granted credits, appraisal of the credit schemes and attention to the optimal distribution of credit regarding the economic potentials are among those that have to be taken into consideration in order to have more efficiency.

maize as one of the most important crops has a significant strategic role in Iran, so it is cultivated as an important crop in all provinces of Iran and farmers earn profit from their cultivation. Therefore, in this study, economic benefits, environmental costs and, ultimately, social benefits of maize cultivation were calculated in different provinces of Iran. In order to calculate the environmental costs, the maize gray water was calculated. Results showed that all Iranian provinces have economic benefits, but by calculating the gray water and consequently the environmental cost, it was determined that the provinces of Mazandaran, Fars and North Khorasan have the highest environmental cost. This has led to social losses in some of these provinces. The results showed that the provinces of Kohkiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad, Qazvin and East Azarbaijan have the most social benefits in the cultivation of maize. However, the provinces of Khuzestan, Kermanshah and Fars, which have the most cultivated areas in different years, have lower social benefits, so that Kermanshah province has social losses.

The aim of the present study is to design a process model developing the market for agricultural organic products in Iran. The statistical population of the study consisted of experts in the organic sector of the country.19 participants were interviewed by a semi-structured interview. For identification and classification of the development stages, the Sequential Exploratory strategy was applied. The factors influencing the development of the market for organic products, identified by the content analysis of the interviews were examined and validated using the Delphi qualitative method. Afterward, to determine the level of identifying steps, the internal relations between them and designing the process model, an interpretive structural modeling (ISM) was applied. Obtained results indicate that the process model for developing the market for organic products with the analysis of the status quo starts with determining the goals and the prospect and end with increasing the consumption and market’s capacity building. The present model can be applied as a guide by policymakers and all organic stakeholders in various research sectors, as well as, planning and applying.

Poverty reduction is one of the main goals of policies pursued by governments. The concept of pro poor growth focuses on the interaction between three elements: growth, poverty and inequality. On the other hand, pro poor growth is affected by several factors, including macroeconomic policies. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of Openness on pro poor growth during the period of 1982-2015. For this purpose, we estimate this relation by using ARDL method with time series data. The result shows that the openness of the economy has led to the improvement of the situation of the poor, due to the introduction of technology, increased productivity, more efficient resource allocation and promotion of innovation. So it is suggested that, the government pursue the removal of barriers of free trade and membership of the WTO. Although the success in this field is to create appropriate infrastructures and institutions.

Considering the potential of the South Coast of the Caspian Sea, the aim of this study is to measure the interest of tourists in improving the attributes of this industry in Nowshahr with the choice experiment model and conditional logit regression. For this reason, field interviews were conducted with 161 tourists on Nowshahr beaches in the spring and summer of 1397 and the models considered were estimated. In aim scenario, beach and sea landscape, health and wellness facilities with 50% and safety and security are also proposed with 50% improvement compared to the current situation. In this scenario, daily tourist expenses will increase by 40% compared to the current state average, that is, to 378,500 Rials per day per person. This difference in price can be made by investing and planning in order to improve the characteristics and facilities of tourism and the direct and indirect use of the new and specialist labor force for job and income generation.

Agriculture in Iran, like many developing countries, faces financial constraints and The lack of adequate credit has created many challenges. Therefore, bank credit is of special importance.This study aimed at exploring the effect of formal credit on agricultural growth and Employment in Iran, using a unique provincial panel data set during 2000-2013. Different panel data econometrics techniques were applied. The main results indicated, on average, positive association between the sector growth and formal credit provided by the Agricultural Bank. The same relation was found for Employment.but was found on average, negative association between the sector employment and formal credit provided by the Agricultural Bank. though the size of effect differed among provinces. According to,the credits of the agricultural bank, increase the growth And agricultural growth, contributes to an increase in employment. Therefore, given the relationships between credits, growth and employment, Redistribution of credits based on agricultural potentials of provinces is recommended, as a key factor for increasing employment-related impact of credit, and increasing growth-related impact of credit.

Investigating the development process of different countries, suggests that the development of the agricultural sectors as one of the most important economic sectors or ever beyond, is a vital prerequisite for the sustainable development of the country, so that without removing the obstacles to development in this sector, can not be expected to flourish and develop other sectors specially industry sectors. Given the importance of agriculture in the economy, this study set out to examine the impact of economic factors such as agricultural bank’s payment facility, trade openness and net capital of agricultural sector on value added of Iran’s agricultural sector by using johansen-juselius method from the first quarter of 2002 to the fourth quarter of 2018. The result indicate that coefficients of all these variables are statistically significant and based on the theoretical foundations. So that, in the long run, Agricultural bank’s payment facilities, trade openness and net capital of agricultural sector; all have significant and positive impacts on value added of agricultural sector.

Increasing populations, socioeconomic developments, global freshwater withdrawal, dying rivers and high pollution levels are all signs of growing water scarcity. The current status of water resources in Iran and trends rolls over it tend to show the need for demand management and water consumption adjustment. In this regard, creating water footprint accounting by providing the necessary information, provides a platform for identifying virtual water flows, efficient water demand management, increasing the productivity of water types, and reforming business policies. In this study, water footprint was calculated for six crops such as wheat, barley, rice, maize, sugar beet and tomatoes in Fars province. The results showed that according to the data and statistics of 2016-2017, the total water footprint in the production of the studied products, which make up about 60% of the rainfed and irrigated lands of Fars province. It is about 6.6 billion cubic meters per year.

The current study aim is to introduce, analyze and examine the possibility of forecasting these indices in Iranian economy. To get the objective, time series data for 1980-2015 were applied. The introduced indices for natural capital are ecological footprint, biological capacity, ecological tension, ecological occupancy, and ecological-economic coordination. The findings showed that ecological footprint as the main index has experienced an annual growth of 2 percent. In terms of the contribution, carbon dioxide accounts for the most part of the ecological footprint growth. On the other hand, biological capacity showed a decreasing trend over the study horizon such that it has been exceeded by ecological footprint, giving rise to an ecological deficit. The ecological tension index showed that services demanded from the environment have exceeded its capacity as well as those of the global average, leading to ecological insecurity. The forecasting results also indicated a higher forecasting ability for neural network model compared to the ARMA one, providing forecasts with errors of as low as less than 3 percent for the most of the indices.

Abstract Today, we are in the illusion of imagining that we have permanent loyal customers. We always have to be positive about losing customers because competitors are constantly increasing their awareness and effort. In such an environment, management has to evaluate and act wisely in all decisions. In this one-year study, the Fuzzy Delphi method introduced an intelligent marketing model for the sustainable expansion of the Sinai industry. The results show that the most important dimensions of the smart marketing model in three phases (input, analysis and output) are 13 general components and 42 indicators. Finally, based on the analysis performed, the final model of intelligent marketing was designed in three phases. Respected managers in this field are suggested to use the proposed model in order to create a competitive advantage.